Extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus is resistant to complement because of incorporation of host complement control proteins into its envelope.

Vaccinia virus A34 glycoprotein determines the protein composition of the extracellular virus envelope.

The outer envelope of the extracellular form of vaccinia virus contains five virus-encoded proteins, F13, A33, A34, A56, and B5, that, with the exception of A56, are implicated in virus egress or infectivity. A34, a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, is involved in the induction of actin tails, the release of enveloped virus from the surfaces of infected cells, and the disruption of the virus ...

Presentation of Recombinant Proteins in Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Extracellular Enveloped Virions

Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain developed during the smallpox eradication campaign. Nowadays recombinant attenuated poxviruses gain importance as live carrier vaccines against different infectious diseases and in cancer therapy. The aim of this work was to develop recombinant viral vectors, for presentation of a foreign antigen on the surface of...

A36-dependent Actin Filament Nucleation Promotes Release of Vaccinia Virus

Cell-to-cell transmission of vaccinia virus can be mediated by enveloped virions that remain attached to the outer surface of the cell or those released into the medium. During egress, the outer membrane of the double-enveloped virus fuses with the plasma membrane leaving extracellular virus attached to the cell surface via viral envelope proteins. Here we report that F-actin nucleation by the ...

Complement dependence of vaccinia virus extracellular enveloped virion (EV) neutralization in vitro and protection in vivo

Incorporation of host complement regulatory proteins into Newcastle disease virus enhances complement evasion.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus, is inherently tumor selective and is currently being considered as a clinical oncolytic virus and vaccine vector. In this study, we analyzed the effect of complement on the neutralization of NDV purified from embryonated chicken eggs, a common source for virus production. Fresh normal human serum (NHS) neutralized NDV by multiple pathways o...